The Lottery by Shirley Jackson - 757 Words

Individual in Society Can one individual change a large group of people? Can the effort of one person be enough to break up a faulty tradition practicing by a society? In most cases the answer would be ‘yes’ and in some ‘no’. Many individuals try and succeed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize.†¦show more content†¦Hutchinson and the only reason she is saying â€Å"It wasn’t fair!† is because her husband picked the black dotted piece of paper in the lottery (Jackson 907). One of the family members from the family which picks the black dotted piece of paper should sacrifice his or her life. When she speaks against the tradition about its fairness it is clearly shown that Mrs. Hutchinson is no more a supporter of the lottery. After the Hutchinson family picked for the winner of the lottery, they will conduct a mini lottery only for that family. When Mrs. Hutchinson is chosen to be stoned, she almost goes crazy. Beyond rebellious character, Mrs. Hutchinson is presented as a selfish and careless person. She speaks against the lottery only to escape from death. Moreover, she seems so selfish when she said, â€Å"There is Don and Eva, Make them take their chance† (Jackson 907). She wants to include her married daughter Eva and son-in-law Don in her family drawing. When Mr. Summers said, â€Å"Daughters draw with their husband families, Tessie,† Mrs. Hutchinson helplessly keeps saying, â€Å"It wasn’t fair† (Jackson 907). She tri es every possible ways to save herself from death. When she said, â€Å"We ought to start over, I tell you it wasn’t fair†, one can see the real face or Mrs. Hutchinson (Jackson 907). She would do anything she could she could to escape from the punishment. She wants somebody else to die instead of one of her family member. When she gets selected to get stoned,Show MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shi rley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husbandRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1391 Words   |  6 PagesMarina Grishechkina Professor Abbott English 126 April 6, 2016 â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† introduces the reader to a cruel ritual of the village where people gather together to participate in the annual elimination of a random villager. Superficially friendly mood in the town at the beginning of the story was replaced by hostile and violent human behavior at the end. Warm and sunny summer morning did

The Clash of Civilizations and Silent Language in Overseas Business Essay

Essays on The Clash of Civilizations and Silent Language in Overseas Business Essay The paper â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations and  Silent Language in Overseas Business" is an  intriguing example of an essay on social science. As the world evolves so does the form of conflict, in this evolution conflict has taken many different forms. These forms or grounds of conflict have been territorial, economic, and ideological. These grounds were made the basis for a conflict by kings, armies, and nations. But after the cold war, these forms became obsolete and thus a new metamorphosis of conflict was desired.Most recently conflict has taken a new form that focuses on cultural differences between civilizations as the basis for conflict. Civilizations being the embodiment of a culture are in a constant state of flux. These civilizations will try to avoid the state of flux, as the flux will bring with it changes in the underlying culture, which is unacceptable to any civilisation. The primary variable of culture that needs protection from its civilisation is religion. It i s this variable that gets expressed when two different civilizations come head to head. With the world becoming a global village, different civilisations are coming in frequent contact with one another. This fact is creating the tension in the air, as more these civilizations interact more chances there are that one of them would take initiative to obliterate the other.Most of this tension is fuelled by fundamentalists (of every civilization), who seek to prevent the abomination of civilizations. This fight for dominance of culture exists not only at the national level but also at the people’s level; both levels working in unison to achieve superiority of their culture.Globalization has brought with it regionalism, which initially had an economic interest as its basis, but later on, it has taken the commonality of cultures as its governing factor. With this fact germinating and the fact discussed earlier, it is becoming quite evident that now the fight between cultures would seek to take control of world institutions, for strategic victory. Whichever civilization succeeds in gaining this strategic advantage, it would be in a place to dominate the rest of the cultures and their civilizations.International business has taken the front seat in advancing the differences among cultures. This environment of business requires transcending one’s own culture into someone else’s culture, creating an opportunity for interaction between different civilizations. When this happens the subjects present on the ground experiences the underlying differences between their individual civilizations. Thus, after realizing the fundamental difference they turn to their own civilisations, remaining suspicious of the other person’s affiliation.

Biographical Narrative Essay Free Essays

â€Å"Work isn’t to make money, you work to justify life†-Marc Chagall When I was younger, everything was handed to me. Well, not everything but most of what I wanted or thought I needed like new clothes, toys, the latest electronics things that cost money. When the economy started to crash thing had to change around my house. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Narrative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now My mother lost her job and my dad’s pay was cut short plus on top of that he was sick for 8 months with a type of liver disease. We had to cut down on how much money we spent especially on the wants compared to our needs. With our financial struggle I had to learn how to live with the things that I already had and not want what other people had. Having my first job as a snow cone maker I also had to learn that you have to work for the things you want in life. Nothing in life is just handed to you, you have to earn it. My parents always reminded us that we had it better than others which helped me appreciate the things I had a little more. When I got my first job I started to appreciate the money that was spent on me because I knew what hard work it took to earn it. I started working at age 15 for a kettle corn and snow cone vendor called Hunsaker Bros Kettle Corn. I can remember my first day at work, shaking nerves up and down my spine, thinking of smart word that I can put in my sentences when I talk to my first costumer. All I wanted to do was to please my boss and be the best worker I can be. By working hard, I learned that it takes great responsibility to maintain a good work ethic. Learning these responsibilities and good work ethics I have managed to provide for myself. I now know how to pay bills, separate necessities with desires and manage my funds. Before, when my parents would always pay my Iphone bill and complain to me that it is too expensive, my response was always â€Å"Well, if you can pay for a brand new refrigerator we can pay for my I phone! It’s something that we ‘have’ to pay for†. Having a job has given me a different perspective on what money is spent on. I never thought how much money is wasted on things that don’t even matter in life. In life, we get side tracked on useless material objects. It is very controversial on what we believe are wants versus our needs. I remember going school shopping for clothes and I asked my mom for a pair of rock revival jeans. In my mind it was a necessity, it was a piece of clothing that I â€Å"needed† to make me cool and dress like everyone else. But in reality, it was a pair of jeans that was more for luxury and high price which I ended up getting four pairs of off brand jeans for the price of one. I now understand why my mom managed to spend money on my sibling and I so wisely. Each penny that was spent on us was worked hard for and then given to us. I have learned from my parents that if I want something in life, the only way to accomplish it is to work hard, and then I will deserve it. Earning my own money at a young age has impacted my life as I enter adulthood by giving me goals that I want to accomplish later in life and setting morals and responsibilities. I also realized that life isn’t about living for making money or how much money you make but what you have to leave behind as a person. Nothing in life is given for free you have to work hard and earn it. How to cite Biographical Narrative Essay, Essays

Pre-Eclampsia or Pregnancy - Induced Hypertension

Question: Discuss the causes, risk factors, detection, treatment and complications? Answer: Introduction: Preeclampsia also referred as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), is a multisystem disorder which is characterized by de novo hypertension and proteinuria or superimposed maternal hypertension or nephropathy in pregnant woman (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009), (Bell, 2010). This disease affects both the mother and the fetus usually beyond 20 weeks of gestational age. Although the reason behind this disease is not clear till date, but the disease is known to be recognized nearly 200 years ago (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009), (Bell, 2010) Preeclampsia is known to affect 2-5% of pregnancies. The rate exceeds to an approximate of 10-18% in some developing countries. According to a study, UK is one of the leading countries affected with this disease. One out of twenty (5%) women suffers from severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia causing significant number of maternal deaths in UK. (NICE Clinical guideline). Statistical data reveal that every minute, somewhere in the world death occurs during pre gnancy or childbirth. This amount to an approximate of 1400 number of women death per day; more that 500,000 death every year. Additionally, maternal and fetus mortality is estimated to 13% worldwide in case of undetected preeclampsia (Scazzocchio Figueras 2011), (Marik and Plante, 2008). This multisystem disorder may be categorized into early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Early-onset preeclampsia shows fetal-growth restriction (FGR), abnormal uterine and umbilical artery. Doppler waveforms and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes (Verlohren et al., 2014).Whereas, the late-onset preeclampsia is characterized with lower rate of maternal involvement and favorable perinatal outcomes. Abnormal placental implantation along with endothelial dysfunction is the main features of preeclampsia. Both the renal and vascular systems are affected altogether (Kanasaki Kalluri 2009),(Karumanchi et al., 2005). Causes: The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. Experts believe it begins in the placenta the organ that nourishes the foetus throughout pregnancy. In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop properly and limits the flow of blood (Redman, 2005), (Segers et al., 2007), (Karumanchi et al., 2005). Recent research show that the causative agent behind the pathogenesis of this disease is maternal endothelial dysfunction, which is mediated be the excess placenta derived soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFRI or Sflt1) (Venkatesha et al., 2006), (Luft, 2006), (Foidart et al.; 2010). Causes of this abnormal development may include: Insufficient blood flow to the uterus (Redman, 2005), (Karpov, 2010). Damage to the blood vessels (Karumanchi et al., 2005). A problem with the immune system (Segers et al., 2007) Mutation of certain genes likethe prothrombin (Factor II) and the Factor V Leiden (FVL) clotting factor (Karpov, 2010). Risk Factors: Pre-eclampsia develops only as a complication of pregnancy. Risk factors include: History of preeclampsia.A personal or family history of preeclampsia significantly raises your risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Portelinha et al., 2010). First pregnancy.The risk of developing preeclampsia is highest during your first pregnancy (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). New paternity.Each pregnancy with a new partner increases the risk of preeclampsia over a second or third pregnancy with the same partner (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (James, 2013). The risk of preeclampsia is higher for pregnant women older than 40 (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). (Sibai et al., 2005) The risk of preeclampsia is higher if you're obese (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). (Sibai, Dekker and Kupferminc, 2005), (Karumanchi et al., 2005). Multiple pregnancies.Preeclampsia is more common in women who are carrying twins, triplets or other multiples (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). Interval between pregnancies.Having babies less than two years or more than 10 years apart leads to a higher risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Nirmalan, 2013). History of certain conditions.Having certain conditions before you become pregnant such as chronic high blood pressure, migraine headaches, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, a tendency to develop blood clots, or lupus increases your risk of preeclampsia (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (KIVEL, 2010). Detection: In the majority of cases, symptoms of preeclampsia aren't noticeable. Women may experience headache, blurred vision, upper abdominal pain and unexplained anxiety. Serious cases of preeclampsia may result in seizures (Tuovinen et al.; 2010). Abnormalities of the liver, kidneys and blood clotting mechanisms may also be present. Dramatic weight gain, a decrease in urine output, blurry vision, nausea, and abdominal pain maybe reasons to watch more closely for the development of preeclampsia. (Sibai et al., 2005). Typically, preeclampsia occurs in the late 2nd or 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (Young, B.C. et al., 2010), (Tuovinen et al.; 2010), (Wood, 2013). Treatment: The only effective treatment for preeclampsia is delivery. Doctors will take into consideration gestation of the fetus in terms of development before inducing labor. If a woman has a good support system in her home, she can manage mild preeclampsia with bed rest and frequent visits to her obstetrical care provider. She may also need to monitor her blood pressure at home on a regular basis. Serious cases of preeclampsia may require admission to the hospital for more intensive monitoring of both the mother and unborn baby. If tests indicate that the health of either of the mother or fetus is at risk, an obstetrician may recommend inducing labor early or performing a caesarean section (Downing, 2010). A study by the Magpie Trial Collaborative Group in June of 2002 found that magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) can ease the symptoms of preeclampsia and has reduced seizures stemming from eclampsiaby56% when given intravenously in a controlled environment by trained staff (Tukur, 2009). Magnesium su lfate has been a standard treatment option in the U.S. since the1950s; however, it is not widely used internationally (Kenny, L.C. et al., 2010), (Tukur, 2009). For women at high risk of pre eclampsia may be detected by the application of ultrasound markers (Mace et al., 2012). Complications: Lack of blood flow to the placenta.Preeclampsia affects the arteries carrying blood to the placenta. If the placenta doesn't get enough blood, your baby may receive less oxygen and fewer nutrients. This can lead to slow growth, low birth weight, or preterm birth. Prematurity can lead to breathing problems for the baby (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). Placental abruption.Preeclampsia increases your risk of placental abruption, in which the placenta separates from the inner wall of your uterus before delivery. Severe abruption can cause heavy bleeding and damage to the placenta, which can be life-threatening for both you and your baby (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Keiski-Nisula et al., 2009), (Wood, 2013). HELLP syndrome.HELLP which stands for haemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome can rapidly become life-threatening for both you and your baby. Symptoms of HELLP syndrome include nausea and vomiting, headache, and upper right abdominal pain. HELLP syndrome is particularly dangerous because it represents damage to several organ systems. On occasion, it may develop suddenly, even before high blood pressure is detected (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010) (Pourrat et al., 2012), (Clarke and Nelson-Peirsey, 2008). When preeclampsia isn't controlled, eclampsia which is essentially preeclampsia plus seizures can develop. Symptoms that suggest imminent eclampsia include upper right abdominal pain, severe headache, vision problems and change in mental status, such as decreased alertness. Because eclampsia can have serious consequences for both mom and baby, delivery becomes necessary, regardless of how far along the pregnancy is (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010). Cardiovascular disease.Having preeclampsia may increase your risk of future heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. The risk is even greater if you've had preeclampsia more than once or you've had a preterm delivery. To minimize this risk, after delivery try to maintain your ideal weight, eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly, and don't smoke (Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010), (Kajantie et al., 2009). References 1. Bell, M. (2010). A Historical Overview of Preeclampsia-Eclampsia. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 39(5), pp.510-518. 2. Clarke, S. and Nelson-Piercy, C. (2008). Pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine, 9(3), pp.110-114. 3. Downing, J. (2010). Sildenafil for the Treatment of Preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 29(2), pp.248-250. 4. Felfernig-Boehm, D. et al., 2000. Early detection of preeclampsia by determination of platelet aggregability. Thrombosis Research, 98(2), pp.139146. 5. Foidart, J., Munaut, C., Chantraine, F., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. (2010). Maternal plasma soluble endoglin at 11-13 weeks' gestation in pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, p.n/a-n/a. 6. Jacquemyn, Y. Zemtsova, O., 2010. Risk factors and prediction of preeclampsia. Acta Clinica Belgica, 65(1), pp.112. 7. James, W. (2013). Change in paternity, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth retardation and maternal testosterone concentration. J Obstet Gynaecol, 33(2), p.217. 8. Kajantie, E., Eriksson, J., Osmond, C., Thornburg, K. and Barker, D. (2009). Pre-Eclampsia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Stroke in the Adult Offspring: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Stroke, 40(4), pp.1176-1180. 9. Kanasaki, K. Kalluri, R., 2009. The biology of preeclampsia. Kidney international, 76(8), pp.831837. 10. Karpov, Y. (2010). Book Review: Haywood, H. C., Lidz, C. S. (2007). Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical and Educational Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28(2), pp.163-166. 11. Karumanchi, S., Maynard, S., Stillman, I., Epstein, F. and Sukhatme, V. (2005). Preeclampsia: A renal perspective. Kidney International, 67(6), pp.2101-2113. 12. Kenny, L.C. et al., 2010. Robust early pregnancy prediction of later preeclampsia using metabolomic biomarkers. Hypertension, 56(4), pp.741749. 13. Keski-Nisula, L., Heinonen, S., Remes, S. and Pekkanen, J. (2009). ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Pre-Eclampsia, Placental Abruption and Increased Risk of Atopic Sensitization in Male Adolescent Offspring. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 62(5), pp.293-300. 14. KIVEL, T. (2010). Diagnosis of adult ophthalmic tumours: role of clinical history, symptoms and signs. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88, pp.0-0. 15. Luft, F. (2006). Soluble endoglin (sEng) joins the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt) receptor as a pre-eclampsia molecule. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21(11), pp.3052-3054. 16. Mac, G., Cynober, E. and Carbonne, B. (2012). Ultrasound markers for the detection of women at risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 50(6). 17. Marik, P. and Plante, L. (2008). Venous Thromboembolic Disease and Pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(19), pp.2025-2033. 18. Nirmalan, P. (2013). Risk for Recurrence of Pre-eclampsia in the Subsequent Pregnancy. JCDR. 19. Portelinha, A., Belo, L., Cerdeira, A., Braga, J., Tejera, E., Pinto, F., Pinto, A., Areias, M., Patrcio, B. and Rebelo, I. (2010). Lipid Levels Including Oxidized LDL in Women with History of Preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 29(1), pp.93-100. 20. Pourrat, O., Neau, J. and Pierre, F. (2012). Bell's palsy in pregnancy: underlying HELLP syndrome or pre-eclampsia?. Obstetric Medicine. 21. Redman, C. (2005). Latest Advances in Understanding Preeclampsia. Science, 308(5728), pp.1592-1594. 22. Scazzocchio, E. Figueras, F., 2011. Contemporary prediction of preeclampsia. Current opinion in obstetrics gynecology, 23(2), pp.6571. 23. Segers, K., Dahlbck, B. and Nicolaes, G. (2007). Coagulation factor V and thrombophilia: Background and mechanisms. Thromb Haemost. 24. Segers, K., Dahlback, B., Bock, P., Tans, G., Rosing, J. and Nicolaes, G. (2007). The Role of Thrombin Exosites I and II in the Activation of Human Coagulation Factor V. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(47), pp.33915-33924. 25. Sibai, B., Dekker, G. and Kupferminc, M. (2005). Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet, 365(9461), pp.785-799. 26. Tukur, J. (2009). The use of magnesium sulphate for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Annals of African Medicine, 8(2), p.76. 27. Tuovinen, S., Rikknen, K., Kajantie, E., Pesonen, A., Heinonen, K., Osmond, C., Barker, D. and Eriksson, J. (2010). Depressive symptoms in adulthood and intrauterine exposure to pre-eclampsia: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 117(10), pp.1236-1242. 28. Tuuli, M.G. et al., 2011. Perinatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia: Do they differ? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 204(6). 29. Venkatesha, S., Toporsian, M., Lam, C., Hanai, J., Mammoto, T., Kim, Y., Bdolah, Y., Lim, K., Yuan, H., Libermann, T., Stillman, I., Roberts, D., D'Amore, P., Epstein, F., Sellke, F., Romero, R., Sukhatme, V., Letarte, M. and Karumanchi, S. (2006). Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat Med, 12(6), pp.642-649. 30. Verlohren, S., Melchiorre, K., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. (2014). Uterine artery Doppler, birth weight and timing of onset of pre-eclampsia: providing insights into the dual etiology of late-onset pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 44(3), pp.293-298. 31. Wood, A. (2013). Second trimester hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with increased risk of preterm pre-eclampsia, placental abruption and small for gestational age birth. Evidence-Based Nursing, 17(3), pp.74-74. 32. Young, B.C., Levine, R.J. Karumanchi, S.A., 2010. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Annual review of pathology, 5, pp.173192.